What Is a Hundredweight (CWT)?
Let me explain what a hundredweight, or CWT, really is—it's a unit of measurement you'll encounter in some commodities trading contracts. You might also see it used for pricing shipments that don't fill an entire truckload. That said, its general use has dropped off as contracts now often specify pounds or kilograms instead.
Here's where it gets precise: the value differs between American and British systems. In the United States, one hundredweight equals 100 pounds. In the United Kingdom, it's 112 pounds. To avoid confusion, we call the American one a 'short hundredweight' and the British one a 'long hundredweight.' Sometimes, the short version goes by 'cental' too.
Key Takeaways on Hundredweight
You should know that a hundredweight, abbreviated CWT, stands as a standard unit for weight or mass in specific commodities markets, and it can apply to pricing smaller goods shipments. In North America, it means 100 pounds, while in the UK, it's 112 pounds—often distinguished as short or long hundredweight. Originally, it simplified trading goods between countries, but with the metric system's rise, its use has declined. Think of products like steel, cattle, oil, seeds, and grains as typical examples measured this way.
Understanding Hundredweight (CWT)
The abbreviation CWT comes from centum or cental weight, directly meaning hundredweight. This measurement has roots in Europe from the late Medieval era, where traders dealt in goods like wax, sugar, and pepper using hundredweights—though back then, it could mean 100 or 108 pounds. Since 1340, when King Edward III set one stone to 14 pounds, a hundredweight became eight stones or 112 pounds in Britain, formalized by the 1878 Weights and Measures Act.
In the US and Canada, it's always been 100 pounds, equivalent to about 45.4 kilograms, while the British version is 50.8 kilograms. Remember, in 1824, Britain made it illegal to call 100 pounds a hundredweight to prevent fraud, but by 1879, they allowed it if labeled as a 'cental.' This all stems from the French avoirdupois system adopted in medieval England, which standardized measurements for easier international trade, especially for bulk commodities. Traditionally, 20 hundredweights made a ton—a short ton at 2,000 pounds or a long ton at 2,240 pounds.
Examples of Hundredweight (CWT)
You'll find hundredweight most commonly in trading large commodity quantities or for heavy products like steel. Food items such as cattle, oil, seeds, grains, along with bulk paper, chemicals, or additives, often use this unit. One issue in global trade is the dual definitions—100 pounds in the US and Canada versus 112 in the UK.
In futures markets, cattle and livestock prices get quoted in hundredweights, unlike coffee or sugar, which go by cents per pound. Even items like rice futures might trade this way. Historically, anvils were weighed in hundredweights, using a decimal system for hundredweights, quarters, and pounds— a method still applicable today.
The Rise of the Metric System
As the metric system spread across Europe, hundredweight fell out of favor for creating a universal standard, reducing confusion from differing British and North American definitions in international trade. Still, it remains an accepted unit, particularly in US agriculture, where trade often happens in pounds or kilograms but CWT lingers for certain purposes.
CWT Shipping vs. LTL Shipping
When shipping smaller loads, you have options like hundredweight (CWT) or less-than-truckload (LTL) pricing. CWT suits small shippers sending packages to multiple destinations—it's consistent, standardized, and more affordable for lighter items over short distances. Companies like UPS and FedEx offer it for such needs.
On the other hand, LTL works for larger, heavier, or oddly shaped items on pallets, often heading to a single spot like a warehouse, and it's cheaper for heavy loads over long distances. CWT involves less handling since packages don't need palletizing, making it ideal for varied destinations. Your choice depends on the shipment's size, shape, weight, and distance.
Advantages of CWT and LTL Shipping
- CWT: Often used by small shippers for packages to several destinations, preferred for small packages less than a full truckload, provides consistent pricing, more affordable for lighter items short distances.
- LTL: Used for larger items on pallets or more, suits very heavy or oddly shaped goods, common for shipments to the same destination like a warehouse, more affordable for heavier items over greater distances.
Explain Like I'm Five
Imagine hundredweight as an old-school unit, like furlongs or hogsheads from the imperial system—mostly replaced by metrics, but still around for commodities and shipping. In markets, livestock prices use it, and in transport, it's for businesses sending small loads to many clients.
Common Questions on Hundredweight
How do you calculate CWT in cattle? In the US, divide the total pounds by 100— so for cattle, total weight divided by 100 gives hundredweights.
How are freight prices calculated with CWT? It's quoted per CWT, like $30 per; a 500-pound shipment is 5 CWT, totaling $150.
How many kilograms in a CWT? US: 45.36 kilograms (100 pounds); UK: 50.80 kilograms (112 pounds).
How do you calculate CWT? In North America, divide pounds by 100— a 2,000-pound ton is 20 CWT.
The Bottom Line
In the 21st century, hundredweight endures as a unit for specific commodity quantities in markets and futures, plus freight shipping. It indicates amounts bought, sold, or transported, holding its place despite metric dominance.
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