What Is the Hawthorne Effect?
Let me explain the Hawthorne Effect to you directly: it's the idea that people in an experiment or study might change or improve the behavior you're evaluating just because they know they're being watched, not because of any actual changes in the setup or stimuli. This concept came from organizational researchers back in the 1920s.
That said, more recent research indicates that the Hawthorne Effect might not even be a real thing, and the original study had some serious flaws.
Key Takeaways
- The Hawthorne Effect occurs when study subjects try to change or improve their behavior simply because it's being evaluated or observed.
- The term comes from experiments at Western Electric’s factory in Hawthorne, Chicago, in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
- It's considered unavoidable in studies with human subjects.
- Whether the Hawthorne Effect is actually real is still debated.
How the Hawthorne Effect Works
Here's how it operates: people adjust their behavior simply because they're aware of being observed. The name stems from those well-known experiments at Western Electric’s Hawthorne factory outside Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s. But later reviews have shown that the original results were probably exaggerated, and there were multiple issues with the study's design and how it was carried out.
The experiments started out, designed by the National Research Council, to look at how shop-floor lighting affected worker productivity at a telephone parts factory. Researchers were surprised when productivity went up not just with better lighting, but also when they dimmed it. It improved with any changes, like altering working hours or rest breaks.
They figured the productivity wasn't really about the working conditions changing, but because the workers felt someone cared enough to study them.
The Hawthorne Effect and Modern Research
In today's research that involves people, you have to deal with the Hawthorne Effect as an inherent bias. When you're studying findings, consider how subjects' knowledge of the study could alter their actions. It's tough to pinpoint exactly how awareness affects behavior, but you should stay aware of this and adjust your methods.
There's no standard way to handle it, but experience and paying close attention can help you avoid letting this effect mess up your results.
The Hawthorne Effect in Medical Practice
Take this example from medical practice: a 1978 study tested if cerebellar neurostimulators could help reduce motor dysfunction in young people with cerebral palsy. Patients reported less dysfunction and liked the treatment, but the hard data showed little actual improvement in motor function.
What happened was the extra interactions with doctors, nurses, and therapists gave patients a psychological boost, leading them to believe their physical conditions had improved. When researchers reviewed the data, they saw the Hawthorne Effect had skewed it, since there was no real evidence the stimulators worked.
Is the Hawthorne Effect Real?
You might have learned about the Hawthorne Effect in business or sociology classes, but recent work questions if it's valid. According to sources like Scientific American, of the first three experiments, only one showed better productivity, the second showed none, and the third actually saw it drop. Suspiciously, the study's sponsors had all data destroyed, including what went to MIT, and no report was written.
When the data finally turned up, scholars debunked the initial claims. Modern tries to replicate it have been mixed—only seven out of 40 studies found any sign of the effect.
Why Is It Called the Hawthorne Effect?
It's named after the location: the Hawthorne Works factory complex outside Chicago, Illinois, where the original studies happened.
What Were Some of the Flaws of the Original Hawthorne Study?
Scholars have pointed out several problems with those studies. The sample was tiny—just five workers—and the group changed over time. The researchers weren't blinded, so bias could have crept in. Even if the data was good, it's been criticized for being misinterpreted.
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