What Is a Lock-Up Agreement?
Let me explain what a lock-up agreement is: it's a contractual provision that stops insiders of a company from selling their shares for a specified period. You'll see these commonly in the initial public offering (IPO) process.
Even though federal law doesn't require them, underwriters often insist that executives, venture capitalists (VCs), and other company insiders sign these agreements. This is to prevent too much selling pressure in the first few months after the IPO when trading begins.
Key Takeaways
Here's what you need to know: a lock-up agreement temporarily stops company insiders from selling shares after an IPO. It protects investors from excessive selling by those insiders. Share prices often drop when the lock-up expires, and depending on the company's fundamentals, this could be a chance for new investors to buy at lower prices.
How Lock-Up Agreements Work
Lock-up periods usually last 180 days, but they can be as short as 90 days or as long as a year. Sometimes all insiders are locked out for the same time, while in other cases, there's a staggered structure where different groups have different periods.
Federal law doesn't mandate these, but state blue sky laws might require them. You can always find the details in the company's prospectus—get it from their investor relations or the SEC's EDGAR database.
The main purpose is to keep insiders from dumping shares on new investors right after the IPO. Think about early investors like VCs who bought in cheap; they might want to sell for a quick profit since the IPO value is much higher.
Executives and employees with stock options might also be tempted to exercise and sell, as the IPO price is way above their option exercise price.
Special Considerations
From a regulatory standpoint, these agreements protect investors by preventing insiders from taking an overvalued company public and then bailing with the profits. This was a problem during past market bubbles in the US, which is why some blue sky laws still mandate them.
Even with a lock-up in place, non-insiders can feel the impact when it expires. Insiders can then sell, and if many do, the increased supply can crash the share price.
You can view this drop in two ways: if you believe in the company, it's a chance to buy cheap. If not, it might signal the IPO was overpriced and a decline is starting.
Example of a Lock-Up Agreement
Studies show that when a lock-up expires, there's often a period of abnormal returns, usually negative for investors.
Interestingly, staggered lock-ups can hurt the stock more than single-date ones, even though they're meant to soften the post-lock-up dip.
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