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What Is a Variable Interest Rate?
Let me tell you directly: a variable interest rate, which you might also hear called an adjustable or floating rate, is the kind that changes over time on a loan or security. It's tied to an underlying benchmark interest rate or index that shifts periodically, so your payments can go up or down accordingly.
The clear upside here is that if that underlying rate or index drops, your interest payments decrease too. But if it rises, expect your payments to increase. This is different from fixed interest rates, which stay the same no matter what.
Key Takeaways on Variable Interest Rates
Understand this: unlike fixed rates, variable ones shift over time based on a benchmark or index, directly affecting your payments on loans and securities. You'll often see benchmarks like the prime rate or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) used for these.
While they can save you money when rates fall, they carry the risk of higher payments if rates climb, making it tough to budget predictably. These rates show up in everything from mortgages and credit cards to bonds and derivatives, each with their own ways of adjusting based on market factors.
For adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), there's usually an initial fixed period, after which rates adjust according to markets and set margins, adding long-term variability to your budgeting.
How Variable Interest Rates Work
Here's how it operates: a variable interest rate moves with the market or an index. The specific benchmark depends on the loan or security—often it's tied to SOFR or the federal funds rate.
For things like mortgages, cars, or credit cards, rates might base off something like the prime rate in your country. Banks add a spread on top, based on the asset and your credit score. You might see it quoted as 'LIBOR plus 200 basis points' or 2%.
Residential mortgages come in fixed or variable forms—the fixed ones don't change, but variable ones adjust with the market. You'll find them in credit cards, corporate bonds, swaps, and other securities too. In places like the UK and Europe, tracker mortgages follow base rates from central banks like the Bank of England or European Central Bank.
One important note: due to scandals and doubts about its reliability, LIBOR is being phased out and replaced by SOFR as the benchmark.
Navigating Variable Rates in Credit Cards
With variable-rate credit cards, the APR links to an index like the prime rate. When the Federal Reserve tweaks the federal funds rate, the prime rate often follows, changing your card's rate. These cards can adjust rates without advance notice to you.
Look in the terms and conditions: the rate is usually the prime rate plus a percentage tied to your creditworthiness. For example, it could be prime plus 11.9%.
Exploring Variable Rate Loans and Mortgages
Variable-rate loans work much like credit cards but with a fixed payment schedule. Credit cards are revolving, but most loans are installment-based with set payments until payoff. As rates change, your required payment adjusts up or down based on the rate shift and remaining payments.
We call a variable-rate mortgage an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM). Many start with a low fixed rate for a few years—say three, five, or seven—labeled as 3/1, 5/1, or 7/1 ARMs. After that, they adjust, often with caps limiting how much the rate can change each time.
Use an online calculator to estimate current ARM rates. Typically, ARMs adjust based on a margin plus a major index like LIBOR, COFI, or MTA. If you have a 2% margin and LIBOR at 3% on adjustment, your rate becomes 5%.
Delving into Variable Rate Bonds and Securities
Variable-rate bonds often use SOFR as their benchmark. Some tie to U.S. Treasury yields—like five-year, 10-year, or 30-year—offering a coupon at a spread above that yield.
In fixed-income derivatives, variable rates appear too. Take an interest rate swap: it trades one set of payments for another on a principal amount. Usually, it's fixed for floating or vice versa to manage rate exposure or get a better rate. Basis swaps exchange one floating rate for another.
Weighing the Pros and Cons of Variable Interest Rates
On the positive side, variable rates usually start lower than fixed ones. If rates drop, you as the borrower benefit with lower payments. But if they rise, the lender gains from higher income.
Pros
- Variable interest rates are generally lower than fixed interest rates.
- If interest rates go down, the borrower will benefit.
- If interest rates go up, the lender will benefit.
Cons
- Variable interest rates can go up to the point where the borrower may have difficulty paying the loan.
- The unpredictability of variable interest rates makes it harder for a borrower to budget.
- It also makes it harder for a lender to predict future cash flows.
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