What Is High Minus Low (HML)?
Let me explain High Minus Low (HML) to you directly—it's also known as the value premium and serves as one of the three factors in the Fama-French three-factor model, which economists Eugene Fama and Kenneth French created to account for stock returns.
HML specifically tracks the performance gap between value stocks, those with high book-to-market ratios, and growth stocks with lower ratios.
By focusing on this difference, HML allows you to see how the value versus growth dynamic affects your portfolio's performance, giving you clearer insights into market patterns and aiding in smarter investment choices.
Key Takeaways on HML
Understand that the High Minus Low (HML) factor captures the return spread between value stocks with high book-to-market ratios and growth stocks with low ones, underscoring the historical edge value stocks have shown.
The Fama-French three-factor model incorporates HML to explain portfolio returns more fully by including the value effect along with size and market factors.
Fama and French later updated this to a five-factor model, adding profitability and investment factors for a broader analysis of expected stock returns.
A positive HML beta means your portfolio leans toward value stocks, while a negative one points to growth stock alignment, which helps you grasp your portfolio's behavior.
Overall, the Fama-French model outperforms the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) in providing a wider view of returns, though results can vary with how portfolios are built.
How High Minus Low (HML) Works in Finance
To get HML, you first need a grasp of the Fama-French three-factor model, which Fama and French introduced in 1992 to explain excess returns in a portfolio using three factors, including HML.
This model indicates that portfolio returns are influenced by elements outside a manager's control, such as the historical outperformance of value stocks over growth stocks and small companies over large ones.
Remember, small and value stocks generally beat out larger or growth-oriented ones, which accounts for a significant portion of portfolio performance.
The HML factor addresses the value stock outperformance, while Small Minus Big (SMB) covers the size effect; together, they help evaluate a manager's actual skill by attributing performance to these factors.
HML shows whether a manager is tapping into the value premium through high book-to-market stocks for extra returns—if they're focused on value stocks, regression analysis will reveal a positive HML relation, reducing the apparent excess return as it's explained by the premium.
Expanding to the Fama-French Five-Factor Model
In 2014, Fama and French enhanced their model to five factors, keeping the original three but adding profitability, which notes that companies with higher future earnings tend to see better stock returns.
The fifth factor, investment, ties into a company's internal investments and returns, indicating that those aggressively pursuing growth projects often underperform later on.
HML Finance FAQs
You might wonder why Fama-French is better than CAPM—it's an extension that addresses CAPM's shortcomings, as shown in empirical studies like one from 2012 that found the three-factor model superior for explaining expected returns on NYSE portfolios, though outcomes depend on portfolio setup.
As for what HML beta means, it's the value premium measuring the return spread between high and low book-to-market companies; its beta from linear regression can be positive, indicating value stock exposure, or negative, signaling growth stock behavior.
The Bottom Line
HML is pivotal in the Fama-French three-factor model, enabling you to compare value and growth stocks to analyze returns.
It demonstrates that higher book-to-market value stocks typically outperform lower-ratio growth stocks, and with SMB, it helps assess managers by linking excess returns to market factors instead of pure skill.
The expansion to five factors brings in profitability and investment for added depth, so as an investor, grasping HML and these models gives you a solid edge in understanding performance and decision-making.
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