Table of Contents
- What Is the Spot Market?
- Key Takeaways
- How Spot Markets Work
- Important Note on Non-Spot Transactions
- Spot Market Trading
- Over the Counter (OTC)
- Fast Fact
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Spot Markets
- Disadvantages
- Example of a Spot Market
- How Will I Use This in Real Life?
- What Does Spot Market Mean?
- What Are Examples of Spot Markets?
- What Is a Spot and Forward Market?
- What Is the Difference Between Spot Markets and Futures Markets?
- The Bottom Line
What Is the Spot Market?
Let me explain the spot market directly: it's where you trade financial instruments for immediate payment and delivery. We're talking assets like commodities, currencies, and securities. When you make a deal, delivery happens as you exchange cash for the instrument right away.
Compare that to a futures contract, where payment and delivery of the underlying asset occur at a future date. You can find spot trading and futures trading on exchanges or over-the-counter (OTC) markets.
Key Takeaways
In the spot market, financial instruments trade for immediate delivery. Many assets have both a spot price and a futures or forward price. Most spot transactions settle one business day after the deal, but foreign exchange takes two business days. These trades can happen on an exchange or over the counter. Spot markets differ from derivatives markets, which deal in forwards, futures, or options.
How Spot Markets Work
Spot markets are about exchanging physical securities for cash, which is why they're also known as physical or cash markets—trades are immediate. You and the seller agree to transfer funds right away, though settlement might follow a schedule, like T+1 for stocks, meaning the next business day.
Futures trades involve contracts with expiration dates, and when they expire, it's like a spot trade because you exchange cash for the asset immediately. The current price of any instrument is the spot price— that's what you pay to buy or sell it right now. You create this price by posting buy and sell orders, and in liquid markets, it can shift every second as orders fill and new ones come in.
Securities Traded on the Spot Market
- Equities: Stocks, exchange-traded products, equity futures
- Fixed-Income: Bonds, T-bills, fixed-income futures
- Foreign Exchange: Currencies, currency futures
- Commodities: Metals, energy, livestock, agricultural products, commodity futures
Important Note on Non-Spot Transactions
A non-spot or futures transaction means agreeing to a price now, but delivery and funds transfer happen later.
Spot Market Trading
On exchanges, dealers and traders come together to buy and sell commodities, securities, futures, options, and more. The exchange sets the current price and volume based on all participant orders. Take the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)—that's where you buy and sell stocks for immediate delivery, making it a spot market. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) focuses on futures, so it's a futures market, but it has some cash markets too.
Over the Counter (OTC)
OTC trades happen directly between you and the seller, without a centralized exchange. The forex market is the biggest OTC market, with $1.2 trillion average daily turnover in North America as of April 2024. In OTC, prices can be spot or future-based, and terms aren't standardized—they depend on what you and the seller agree to. OTC stock trades are usually spot, while futures aren't unless close to expiration.
Fast Fact
The term 'spot' comes from 'on the spot,' meaning you can buy an asset right there and then.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Spot Markets
The spot price is the current quote for immediate purchase, payment, and delivery of a commodity, making it crucial because derivatives like futures and options base their values on it. Spot markets are highly liquid and active, with producers and consumers trading there and hedging in derivatives.
Disadvantages
One downside is having to take physical delivery—if you buy spot pork bellies, you end up with live hogs, which a speculator might not want. Spot markets also aren't great for hedging future production or consumption; that's where derivatives shine.
Pros and Cons
- Pros: Real-time prices of actual market prices, active and liquid markets, can take immediate delivery if desired
- Cons: Must take physical delivery in many cases, not suited for hedging
Example of a Spot Market
Imagine an online furniture store in Germany offering a 30% discount for international customers paying within five business days. Danielle, running a U.S. furniture business, buys $10,000 worth of tables. She needs euros immediately at the EUR/USD rate of 1.1233, so she does a spot forex transaction for €8,902.34. With T+2 settlement, she gets her euros in two days, settles, and claims the discount.
How Will I Use This in Real Life?
Most of your daily trades are spot trades—buying gasoline, vegetables, or clothing at the current price with immediate exchange. Prices adjust constantly based on supply and demand. If you're a farmer, you might sell on the futures market instead, locking in a price now for future delivery to avoid risks at harvest time.
What Does Spot Market Mean?
Spot markets trade commodities or assets for immediate or very near-term delivery—the trade and receipt happen 'on the spot.'
What Are Examples of Spot Markets?
Commodities often have active spot markets for real-time cash trades. Forex is a spot market with physical currency exchange after settlement, usually in two days. Stock markets are spot markets too, with shares traded in real time.
What Is a Spot and Forward Market?
A spot market trades assets like commodities or currencies for immediate cash delivery. Forward and futures markets trade contracts for completion later.
What Is the Difference Between Spot Markets and Futures Markets?
Futures and forwards are derivatives based on spot markets, giving control of the asset later at today's price. Physical delivery happens only at expiration, and traders often roll over or close contracts to avoid it. Forwards are customizable and OTC, while futures are standardized on exchanges.
The Bottom Line
Financial markets vary, but the spot market is where you exchange assets for cash immediately at the spot price. It's also called a cash or physical market. You trade equities, fixed-income, currencies, and commodities here.
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