What Is a Risk-Based Capital Requirement?
Let me explain what a risk-based capital requirement is. It's a regulatory rule that sets the minimum amount of capital financial institutions must hold, based on their risk profile. I want you to understand that these requirements are there to protect the institutions themselves, their investors, clients, and the broader economy. They ensure there's enough capital to cover operating losses while keeping markets safe and efficient.
Key Takeaways
- Risk-based capital requirements are minimum capital standards for banks established by regulators.
- There's a permanent floor: 8% for total risk-based capital (tier 2) and 4% for tier 1 risk-based capital.
- Tier 1 capital consists of common stock, reserves, retained earnings, and specific preferred stock.
- These requirements serve as a buffer to shield companies from insolvency.
Understanding Risk-Based Capital Requirement
You should know that risk-based capital requirements now include a permanent floor, as per a rule adopted in June 2011 by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Besides this floor, the rule allows some flexibility in calculating risk for low-risk assets.
The Collins Amendment in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act sets these minimums for insured depository institutions, holding companies, and non-bank financial firms supervised by the Federal Reserve. Under Dodd-Frank, banks need a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% and a tier 1 ratio of 4.5%. A bank qualifies as 'well-capitalized' with a tier 1 ratio of 8% or more, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10%, and a tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%.
Special Considerations
Typically, tier 1 capital covers a financial institution's common stock, disclosed reserves, retained earnings, and certain preferred stock. Total capital includes both tier 1 and tier 2, representing the difference between assets and liabilities, though there are details within these categories you need to consider.
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, through the Bank for International Settlements, issues the Basel Accords to guide capital calculations. Basel I came in 1988, Basel II in 2004, and Basel III responded to the late 2000s financial crisis. These accords help evaluate a bank's credit risk from balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet exposures.
Risk-Based Capital vs. Fixed-Capital Standards
Both risk-based and fixed-capital standards provide a cushion against insolvency. But fixed-capital standards mandate the same reserve amount for all companies, while risk-based capital adjusts the required capital according to the company's risk level.
The insurance industry shifted to risk-based capital in the 1990s after insolvencies in the 1980s and 1990s. For instance, under fixed standards in the 1980s, two similar-sized insurers in the same state held identical reserves, but post-1990s, requirements varied by their specific insurance focus and risk.
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